Friday, September 28, 2012

Continue to read Book II of Fugitive Pieces

Book II, The Drowned City Analysis
The eighth chapter begins Book II, in which a new narrator takes over. Ben, no last name ever mentioned, teaches at the University of Toronto, having been mentored by Maurice Salman, Athos's old colleague. Maurice encourages the young man to coordinate his interests in weather and biography, a combination of which Athos and Jakob would approve. Ben finds that Jakob's poetry helps him understand his own parents, whose names are never mentioned. They are deeply-scarred survivors of the Holocaust. Much of the chapter, addressed personally to the late Jakob Beer, describes Ben's growing up, failed marriage, and snippets of his career as a scholar.
The psychological effects of surviving the Holocaust are laid out in Ben's parents. Mother opens up to the sensual joys of life, while Father closes down. He refuses to live in an ethic neighborhood for fear that the authorities will round them up. He is spooked while signing up for Canadian Social Security when what appears to be an ex-camp official challenges his birth certificate and when a neighbor pounds on his door to warn him to flee the path of Hurricane Hazel. The family barely escapes with their lives. Father moves them into a small apartment, where all doors look alike. Recall Jakob's life-long trauma cause by the kicking in of his family's door when the Nazis come for them. Father forbids talk about murdered relatives, but Mother fills Ben in on those who have been lost. The secret bonds them. Ben has a hard time as an adolescent in asserting his independence and through college remains a loner. He confesses that he never understands his father until his father commits suicide. The revelation of this act at the close of the chapter is unexpected, given Ben's description of dealing with his parents' physical decline in old age. For a while, Ben nearly avoids seeming churlish.

Music remains a major theme, as Ben's father is a former conductor demoted after the war to piano teacher. He dissects scores as he listens to recordings and only while listening to music does he open up to his son. Ben recalls lying on his father's lap listening to music. His eyes fall on the pale camp tattoo on his father's arm. During forced marches between camps, Father plays Beethoven in his head to keep his sanity. Ben's wife, Naomi is also devoted to music of all kinds. Naomi tells Jakob about the Jewish opera singer Liuba Levitska, who dies in the camps when she will not abandon her mother. Levitska has all of the inmates singing "Tsvey Taybelech" (Two Little Doves; pg. 240). Another inmate defies the Nazis by composing a song that fills the camps. Recall that a major goal of the Nazis is to de-humanize their victims, so composing music is a major act of defiance.
While Athos has broad interests in literature and poetry, which he imparts to his war, Ben devotes his professional career to combining meteorology throughout history with literature, biography, and history. For his thesis he pictures accompanying Dostoevsky into the square where he is subjected to a mock execution before being marched to exile in Siberia. Many details of this incident, which transforms the great Russian writer's life, are included. Ben writes two books and the summary takes rapid note of a plethora of writers, musicians, and historical figures and events that weather has influenced. Ben observes that even the most reticent figures in history (e.g., Henry James, who burns his correspondence) can have their stories reconstructed, but the successful biographer penetrates the assumptions by which the subject lives. Ben has difficulty figuring out the assumptions of his own parents and wife. Between descriptions of Ben's research and his wife's eclectic interests and penchant for trivia and non-sequiturs, the chapter abounds in seemingly random but fascinating anecdotes.
Besides the historical hurricane and flood, which occasions the chapter title, tornadoes are described as arbitrary. Many examples of survival side-by-side with utter destruction and bits of whimsy - lakes having their water sucked up and dropped again, people, animals, and objects being transported vast distances but then set down intact, etc., are quoted. Mother, hearing them, thinks instinctively about the evil winds of Nazism that are planned out and arbitrary. Her three focal points are the camps, Kristallnacht (mentioned in Book I in conjunction with the invention of nuclear fission), and the SS.
Ben's beautiful, intelligent wife Naomi is introduced and, like Jakob's first wife, Alex, is rather swiftly dispatched. Naomi bonds with his parents in ways that he cannot understand. She gives them the space that they need and Mother opens up to her, telling her about the two children that perish in the camps. Ben's parents had apparently agreed not to tell him. Naomi reveals that they call him Ben, not a proper name but the Hebrew word for "son," hoping that he will be spared if he is not named. There is a veiled reference to the Exodus 12. Recall earlier mentions of how Jews throughout history identify morally with the founding event in their history. It is always a "now" event, undertaken by them as well as their ancestors.
Jakob takes an obvious interest in Naomi when they first meet at a party and she, uncharacteristically, tells him all about her and Ben's family. Ben finds himself jealous, but fights it because Jakob is his hero and develops into the true specialty of his academic career, as seen in the concluding chapters. Ben is less tolerant of Naomi's good relations with his parents and, when she suggests that he go to Idhra to collect Jakob's papers, he follows through. This destroys their already shaky marriage. Passages describing the beginning of their relationship are unusually lyrical and erotic. There is another passage that evokes the Christian sacrament of penance, as Jakob listens to Naomi's stories not like a priest, but as a sinner seeking redemption, and his words makes them afterwards feel clean. Ben notices a physical transformation in Naomi, brought about by love.
Ben's adolescent interest in bog people and how they differ from from pictures of Holocaust victims reaches back to the early chapters of Book I, detailing Athos' research. This helps link the two parts, as do the two narrators' marital troubles. Neither disguises his responsibility for the failures. The long chapter establishes the intellectual debt that Ben owes to Jakob, and thus to Athos. As the chapter ends, Ben is bound, like Jakob before him, for Greece.

Fugitive Pieces--to the end

Book II, Vertical Time Analysis
 The ninth chapter is brief and impressionistic. It opens with Ben describing the mechanics and effects, physical and psychological, of the meltemi wind on Idhra. It reminds the reader of Ben's specialization, weather, and helps picture the Greek Islands far better than Jakob has in his quick passages here and there. He quickly gets lost in the treasures of the huge, eclectic library, but cannot find the journals. He pictures Jakob burying them, as Jakob himself earlier describes Jews doing with their treasures, including writings. He then comes upon parts of the house that have long been closed off and forgotten. Note the chest in which Jakob as a boy had hidden from the Nazis. He likens the picture of interrupted life that he experiences with the excavations at Vesuvius. He pictures Jakob and Michaela's daily lives and, notably, is envious. This mirrors his attitude towards Naomi's relationship with his mother. He contemplates how Michaela undresses his spirit and brings his life to belief. The phrase is gradually developed in italics, suggesting that it is a line from Jakob's poetry that helps Ben interpret what he is seeing and feeling. He is struck by how powerfully he feels Jakob and Michaela present, seeking to be alone, even though he knows the circumstances and certainty of their deaths. Recall the mystical passages in Book I from the Zohar, stating that, "All visible things will be born again invisible" and Jakob's frequent meditations on unfinished lives.

Book II, Phosphorus Analysis
The tenth chapter opens with a study of lightning from the scientific and anecdotal points of view. Both narrators have piled up interesting stories on various subjects in this way. They lead this time, however, to Petra, Ben's four-month lover on Idhra. It is filled with his enthusiasm of early enchantment, which he and Jakob have both earlier described and moves through their sharing of Jakob's passion for communing with Jakob's spirit. He also thinks about losing Naomi. Petra is responsible to two discoveries: a note from Michaela to Jakob announcing that she is pregnant, and Jakob's lost journals. The former, a surprise, turns up under the bed cover, awaiting the Roussoses' return from Athens. The latter turns up while Ben is cleaning up the mess that Petra makes of Jakob's library. He finds a forgotten wing of the house and wanders through interrupted lives, feeling that Jakob and Michaela are present and want to be alone.
The chapter fills in the final details on Ben's parents' life before the camp and describes how Father escapes to join the partisans. It is a rather heroic posture for the man who has been shown to be frightened of his shadow . Ben recalls stories of digging up mass graves to hide Nazi atrocities, relying on Jakob's published words. Ben contemplates whether fear can be passed down to children, worrying about his own progeny, should he have any. He sees a number tattooed on a baby's head. Recall him lying next to Father's camp tattoo while listening to music. Petra, who is introduced and quickly dispatched in the familiar fashion, he imagines being tattooed by lightning.
A storm not unlike Hazel strikes Idhra on the night that Ben finds Petra tearing apart Jakob's library. Rebuked, she storms away. As he restores order, Ben sings Liuba Levitsky's song to lure Jakob and Michaela back. He finds the lost journals and a scarf identical to Naomi's. It seems likely that in the final chapter he will try to reconcile with Naomi.

Book II, The Way Station Analysis
The final chapter takes place in Athens and aboard a homebound plane. Ben sees Petra already taking up with another man. He encounters lovers on the mountainside and realizes that he must try to come back to his wife. On the flight, he imagines possible scenarios for the meeting and scenes of his parents - as he recalls them and as they should have and probably had been, outside his sight: completing a circuit of strength. Ben sees that he must give what he most needs.

Wednesday, September 26, 2012

Booker's Seven Basic Plots

Booker's Seven Basic Plots

The Basic Meta-plot
Most of the meta-plots are variations on the following pattern:
  1. Anticipation Stage
    The call to adventure, and the promise of what is to come.
  2. Dream Stage
    The heroine or hero experiences some initial success - everything seems to be going well, sometimes with a dreamlike sense of invincibility.
  3. Frustration Stage
    First confrontation with the real enemy. Things begin to go wrong.
  4. Nightmare Stage
    At the point of maximum dramatic tension, disaster has erupted and it seems all hope is lost.
  5. Resolution
    The hero or heroine is eventually victorious, and may also be united or reunited with their ‘other half’ (a romantic partner).
There are some parallels with Campbell’s Heroic Monomyth, but his pattern is more applicable to mythology than to stories in general.
Overcoming the Monster (and the Thrilling Escape from Death)
Examples: Perseus, Theseus, Beowulf, Dracula, War of the Worlds, Nicholas Nickleby, The Guns of Navarone, Seven Samurai/The Magnificent Seven, James Bond, Star Wars: A New Hope.
Meta-plot structure:
  1. Anticipation Stage (The Call)
  2. Dream Stage (Initial Success)                   
  3. Frustration Stage (Confrontation)
  4. Nightmare Stage (Final Ordeal)
  5. Miraculous Escape (Death of the Monster)
Rags to Riches
Examples: Cinderella, Aladdin, Jane Eyre, Great Expectations, David Copperfield 
Dark Version: Le Rouge et Le Noir (1831), What Makes Sammy Run? (1940)
Meta-plot structure:
  1. Initial Wretchedness at Home (The Call)
  2. Out into the World (Initial Success)
  3. The Central Crisis
  4. Independence (Final Ordeal)
  5. Final Union, Completion and Fulfilment
The Quest
Examples: The Odyssey, Pilgrim’s Progress, King Solomon’s Mines, Watership Down
Meta-plot structure:
  1. The Call (Oppressed in the City of Destruction)
  2. The Journey (Ordeals of the Hero/Heroine & Companions)
    May include some or all of the following:
    a. Monsters
    b. Temptations
    c. The Deadly Opposites
    d. The Journey to the Underworld
  3. Arrival and Frustration
  4. The Final Ordeals
  5. The Goal (Kingdom, Other Half or Elixir won)
Voyage & Return
Examples: Alice in Wonderland, Goldilocks and the Three Bears, Orpheus, The Time Machine, Peter Rabbit, Brideshead Revisited, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Gone with the Wind, The Third Man (1948)
Meta-plot structure:
  1. Anticipation Stage (‘Fall’ into the Other World)
  2. Initial Fascination (Dream Stage)
  3. Frustration Stage
  4. Nightmare Stage
  5. Thrilling Escape and Return
Comedy
Comedy is dealt with by a less rigid structure. In essence, the comedy meta-plot is about building an absurdly complex set of problems which then miraculously resolve at the climax. There is much discussion of how the comedy plot has developed over time:
    Stage one: Aristophanes
    Stage two: ‘The New Comedy’ (comedy becomes a love story)
    Stage three: Shakespeare (plot fully developed)
    Comedy as real life: Jane Austen
    The plot disguised: Middlemarch, War and Peace
    The plot burlesqued: Gilbert & Sullivan, Oscar Wilde
Meta-plot structure:
  1. Under the Shadow
    A little world in which people are under the shadow of confusion, uncertainty and frustration and are shut up from one another.
  2. Tightening the Knot
    The confusion gets worse until the pressure of darkness is at its most acute and everyone is in a nightmarish tangle.
  3. Resolution
    With the coming to light of things not previously recognised, perceptions are dramatically changed. Shadows are dispelled, the situation is miraculously transformed and the little world is brought together in a state of joyful union.
Tragedy
Examples: Macbeth, The Picture of Dorian Gray, Carmen, Bonnie & Clyde, Jules et Jim, Anna Karenina, Madame Bovary, Julius Caesar
Meta-plot structure:
  1. Anticipation Stage (Greed or Selfishness)
  2. Dream Stage
  3. Frustration Stage
  4. Nightmare Stage
  5. Destruction or Death Wish Stage
Rebirth
Examples: Sleeping Beauty, The Frog Prince, Beauty and the Beast, The Snow Queen, A Christmas Carol, The Secret Garden, Peer Gynt
Meta-plot structure:
  1. Under the Shadow
    A young hero or heroine falls under the shadow of a dark power
  2. The Threat Recedes
    Everything seems to go well for a while - the threat appears to have receded.
  3. The Threat Returns
    Eventually the threat approaches again in full force, until the hero or heroine is seen imprisoned in a state of living death.
  4. The Dark Power Triumphant
    The state of living death continues for a long time when it seems the dark power has completely triumphed.
  5. Miraculous Redemption
    If the imprisoned person is a heroine, redeemed by the hero; if a hero, by a young woman or child.
Dark Versions
All of the above plots have dark versions, in which the ‘complete happy ending’ is never achieved because of some problem. The only exception is Tragedy, which is already the ‘dark’ version.

New Plots
Two additional plots are presented which are outside of the basic seven listed above. Note that the existence of general patterns of plot is not intended to mean that no other plots are possible.
Rebellion Against ‘The One’
A solitary hero/heroine finds themselves being drawn into a state of resentful, mystified opposition to some immense power, which exercises total sway over the world of the hero. Initially they feel they are right and the mysterious power is at fault, but suddenly the hero/heroine is confronted by the power in its awesome omnipotence. The rebellious hero/heroine is crushed and forced to recognise that their view had been based only on a very limited subjective perception of reality. They accept the power’s rightful claim to rule.
Example: The Book of Job
Dark version: Brave New World, Nineteen Eighty-Four
The Mystery
Begins by posing a riddle, usually through the revelation that some baffling crime has been committed. Central figure unravels the riddle.
Examples: Bel and the Dragon, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie

Archetypes
In addition to patterns of plots, there is a pattern of characters provided according to Jungian principles. These archetypal characters are as follows:
Negative (centred on Jungian Ego i.e. "evil"):
    Dark Father, Tyrant or Dark Magician
    Dark Mother, Dark Queen or Hag
    Dark Rival or Dark Alter-Ego
    Dark Other Half or Temptress
Positive (centred on Jungian Self i.e. "good"):
    Light Father, Good King or Wise Old Man
    Light Mother, Good Queen or Wise Old Woman
    Light Alter-Ego or Friend and Companion
    Light Other Half (light anima/animus)
Note: Booker uses ‘witch’ where I use ‘hag’, for reasons that will be apparent to most readers.
Three other archetypes are referenced:       
    The Child
    The Animal Helper
    The Trickster


Additional Concepts
The Complete Happy Ending
In the regular versions of the meta-plots, if all that is ego-centred becomes centred instead on the Self (i.e. if all characters are redeemed), the result is a 'complete happy ending'. In the dark versions of the story, the ending is generally tragic and disasterous - both are considered to be following the same meta-plot. It is also possible for stories to contain elements of both approaches.
The Unrealised Value
The chief dark figure signals to us the shadowy, negative version of precisely what the hero or heroine will eventually have to make fully positive in themselves if they are to emerge victorious and attain 'the complete happy ending'. Therefore, the villain metaphorically represents what the hero or heroine will conquor both within themselves, and in the world of the story.
Above and Below the Line
In general, (and especially in comedy) there is a dividing line in effect. Above the line is the established social order, and below the line are the servants,  ‘inferior’ or shadow elements. The problem originates ‘above the line’ (e.g. with tyranny) but the road to liberation always lies ‘below the line’ in the ‘inferior’ level.
Below the line can also be represented as a ‘shadow realm’, containing the potential for wholeness. In the conclusion of the story, elements may ‘emerge from the shadows’ to provide resolution.
The Seven Basic Plots is published by Continuum, ISBN-0-8264-5209-4.

Fugitive Pieces

QUIZ?
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PROJECTS:
25 Vocabulary Words
Steal a Line Poem
Short Story

Monday, September 24, 2012

Terra Nullius to end of Book I

HMWK:

Finish reading Book I of Fugitive Pieces for Wed. 

Book I, Terra Nullius
Book I, Terra Nullius Summary
Jakob returns to Greece, missing Alex, and disoriented by tourists and traffic. Everything has changed in Athens, Zakynthos, where the old house is fittingly in ruins, and Idhra, where in the Roussos family home he writes this account. As Jakob looks through Athos's library, he recalls the broad education that he has received. He selects a small volume of Psalms to read himself to sleep and opens at random to a section about a worn-out, suffering man, torn hand and foot, but ultimately exalted by God.
Idhra opens Jakob's memory and he spends long nights writing and dealing with questions that have no answers. He notes that Jews live in an eternal present, always identifying with those who leave Egypt. They are responsible for time and must make moral decisions that have effect beyond this life. Jakob offers the parable of a famed rabbi who travels incognito in shabby clothing and is ridiculed by passengers. When they find out who he is, they beg forgiveness, but he refuses, even on the Day of Awe, because they have wronged the man on the train, not himself. The moral: nothing erases an immoral act. When the victim is dead, only silence remains. Recorded history can be resurrected. Destruction turns presence into absence. That rabbi will forever know humiliation but not be humiliated, as the painted clock at Treblinka station always reads 3 o'clock. Einstein talks of simultaneous events: a train arrives at a certain time because it coincides with the clock and someone notices this. The Holocaust has witnesses, and neither evil nor good acts can be erased. Being moral in those days consists of the tiniest acts but elevates the doers higher than the angels. Evil can be a single occurrence, but goodness requires repetition.
On Idhra Jakob finally feels comfortable writing English poetry. He feels at home in Greece, but also forever a stranger. He finishes writing Groundwork. Jakob thinks about the Nazis' efforts to dehumanize the Jews to make it easier psychologically for the troops to exterminate them. When they realize, however, that they are not dealing with "figuren" as propaganda holds, but with humans who refuse to be degraded and can only be killed, this triggers brutality and they choose to live by the lie and do their job. The few heroes who rescue others also have no choice: they do as truth requires. New Adam must rise from the place of greatest degradation.
Jakob imagines Bella in a crowded camp barracks, practicing her keyboard fingering silently. Her skins is degrading painfully. When the gas chamber door is opened there is always a tangled pyramid of bodies clambering for the last air. There are babies half-born. Screams are heard through the thick walls. Despair, however, transforms mercilessly into faith. Jakob knows that he must embrace faith, which will never be as perfect again. Like caged birds drawn to the magnetic pole when it is time to migrate, humans are moved by instinct, which seems to disappear with the body. Jakob's body cannot forget his loved ones, but he realizes that Bella, like all of the dead, wants to get close enough to push him back into the world.
"To remain with the dead is to abandon them."  pg. 170

Book I, Terra Nullius Analysis
The sixth chapter is entitled "No Man's Land" in Latin, but shows Jakob finally coming to grips with himself. Having separated from Alex, but clearly hoping to reform to the point that she can take him back, he goes to Greece alone. He gives rapid impressions of the country that has just been restored to a constitutional democracy, which suggests that the events take part during 1970. He alludes to prominent artists who suffer under the military junta for being communists: the composer Mikis Theodorakis, best known in the West for Zorba the Greek, and the poet Giannis Ritsos.
Moonlight Sonata:

I know that each one of us travels to love alone,
alone to faith and to death.
I know it. I’ve tried it. It doesn’t help.
Let me come with you.  
Yannis Ritsos
(Does this poem shed light on the meaning of the novel and Jakob's search?)

Everything in Greece has changed and seems odd to Jakob, who settles into Athos's ancestral home on Idhra Island and indicates that he writes this account of his life in Athos's study. The homecoming observations are rapid and impressionistic.
There are several oddly positive references to Christianity in the chapter. First, when Jakob takes a book of psalms to read himself to sleep, he turns at random to Ps. 22, which in the Christian reading is a prophecy of Jesus' crucifixion. He also describes how Idhra has watched over and blessed everywhere weathered old icons. He refers to the face of "their Redeemer" without sarcasm. He states clearly that he feels out of place in Greece and in particular with the new bustle and commercialism, which had bothered him also in Toronto. He reiterates Athos's contention, several times already mentioned, that the Hebrew and Greek scripts form a harmony and the two cultures share a unique historic destiny. Note that Jakob finds the prayer shawl (tallit) that Athos gives him but he never uses. He is struck by the intense blue color of its stripes. He describes the requirement that one forgive others and seek forgiveness on the Day of Atonement, which he calls by the generic term Day of Awe, meaning the High Holy Days. Characters in a story are scandalized that a renowned rabbi refuses to absolve them for mistakenly scorning him. The rabbi, however, does not identify with the one scorned and insists they seek forgiveness from him.
This is a fine example of the parable, a story illustrating a moral, and a literary form much identified with Jesus. Jakob is able to surmount prejudice. Much of the chapter deals with good and evil, using this extended parable and a series of aphorisms, interwoven with snippets of Bella's concern for orchestration as she memorizes musical scores. This underscores how firmly she remains in her brother's mind. In the end, he decides that her spirit stays close not in order to draw him to her but to be in a position to push him back into the world.
Idhra gets Jakob writing again, including the poetry for which he is soon to become well known. To date, his attempts have sounded like ghost stories even to friends. He writes feverishly all night, as had Athos. The first example he gives, set in italics, is parabolic: Zdena and Bettina growing to resemble one another.
Many more details of life during the Holocaust emerge: the never-changing painted clock face at Treblinka station, the coming together of victims, perpetrators, and witnesses, the virtue of the few who help save lives. Jakob emphasizes that evil needs only occur once, but goodness requires repetition. Jews in all generations identify with the generation of the Exodus and take part mystically in that trek. There is collective unity also in the Holocaust. Having approached the subject several times, Jakob analyzes how the Nazis manage to kill so many people without conscience or remorse.

He finds the key in photographs of the officers, laughing. Propaganda has convinced them that Jews are sub-human, so there is no crime in eliminating them - it is, in fact, a necessity, like sanitation. The problem comes when the killers discover that the Jews are, in fact, human, and the shock triggers brutality. They choose to live by the comfortable lie and do their job. (see pg. 165-166)
Jakob pictures life in crowded camp barracks and death in the gas chambers. (pg. 168)  In horrible detail he portrays opening the doors onto carnage, but finds that the piles of twisted corpses struggling to survive on the last pockets of air provide an "obscene testament of grace". The phrase, rather tinged by the Christian outlook, leads him to perceive how despair transforms into faith, which

Thursday, September 20, 2012

Ch. 5 Phosophorus


Book I, Phosphorus Summary
In 1968, Jakob and Bella enter a soundless, colorful dream. A river flows to the music of Brahms. When Bella disappears, the dream turns nightmarish and Jakob feels wrong about being married to Alex and living in a foreign land. He feels as though he has disappeared and Bella is searching for him. He recalls Bella's practicing and playing with adult passions.
Jakob meets Alex at a fine music library in the park where he listens to composers systematically by alphabet. She is an energetic woman who is adept at punning. Raised by her physician father on stories of the British military and word wit, she develops a passion for listening to music. Acting sophisticated, Alex is awkwardly innocent and seems to promise Jakob freedom. It takes five years for their attraction to end, but the signs show early. Jakob feels insecure around her Marxist friends and she has trouble dealing with his shyness. She is restless when they visit the Salmans but seems to enjoy the security of marriage, especially not having to cook. Two years into the marriage, Jakob's nightmares return, spoiling their sex life.
Jakob muses about how the fourteenth-century Catalan Atlas is honest about designating unknown regions. History is less frank, forcing one to remember what it covers up as if it were a watermark leaking through. He recalls Bella practicing her fingering and telling stories about Brahms. Jakob and their mother memorize the fragments that she practices, but when she plays the whole piece through, Jakob gets lost.
Returning to history and memory, Jakob contrasts history as the Totenbuch of the concentration camps and memory as the Memorbucher of the synagogue. The former is amoral and the latter moral. History and memory share time and space and every moment is really two moments. Examples are how the Nazis and the Lublin scholars view the destruction of holy books, how Nazis and mothers in Lódz react to the soldiers "catching" infants on their bayonets, and how a woman in Birkenau carries a photograph of her husband and daughter under her tongue in order not to be separated from them.
Jakob cannot resist reading the horrors of history because he needs to know where Bella actually dies. He had hoped that marrying Alex would bring light to his life, but it pushes him down into the mud. He is obsessed not with the details of where Holocaust victims come from, what they do or is done to them, but whether they are silent or speak, keep their eyes open or closed at the precise moment of death. He wonders how this relates to the gradual instant of geology. Jakob sees in Alex's belongings and behaviors parallels to memories of Bella, whose remembered music helps him recover better than the touch of Alex's body. Nothing releases the dreamer.
In the gradual erosion of the cliffs on which his friends, the Truppers, have built their house, Alex also perceives that every moment is two moments, just as in 1942, Jews hide in the painted caves of Lascaux and listen to Mozart, while at Auschwitz a prison orchestra accompanies the doomed. Caves are temples. The ground speaks - through Oracles at Delphi and holy mass graves. Germans turn humans into objects just as physicists are turning matter into energy. When Alex turns on lights, Jakob's memories and stories slip away. He feels that she is brainwashing and wants him to begin anew. When she leaves him, everyone thinks that she is at fault, but Jakob knows it is his fault. He has lost desire. He hears Bella tapping their secret goodnight code through the wall and recalls Bella telling him a terrible story about Brahms falling in love with Clara Schumann, wife of the composer whom Brahms adores. Brahms never marries and is so distraught when she dies that he barely makes it to the end of her burial. Jakob cannot imagine the trauma of Jews whose lives are cut off, left unfinished.
In July, Alex respects Jakob enough to declare that she can stand no more. He assumes that she has met someone else. She notes that she will remove all trace of herself, everything that means nothing to him already, because he is ungrateful. Mama and Papa leave thirty-two tins of food and promise to return before he has eaten the last one. He has four books, which he repeatedly reads. He is not to step outside the door. He obeys, even when the food runs out and he gets lightheaded. He hears music outside and considers floating up through a crack. Jakob cannot move a muscle throughout July.

Book I, Phosphorus Analysis
The fifth chapter introduces and dispatches Jakob's first wife, Alex. The action has jumped forward to 1968. They are radically different personalities and each approaches the one thing that unites them, the love of music, differently. Alex is carefree, frivolous, and attracted to Marxism. Jakob, who has seen ideologies go bad in practice, is uncomfortable. Music makes him draw comparisons to lost Bella, his nightmares return, and they drift apart. He appreciates Alex's honesty in calling it quits. He blames her for nothing and does not withhold from the reader how badly he treats her as his depression deepens. At the end of the chapter, he is totally dysfunctional, leaving the reader to wonder - indeed, worry - about his future.
Bella's musical focus earlier is Beethoven and in particular his Moonlight Sonata. He is mentioned again, in connection with mysterious love letters to an "Immortal Beloved", whose identity is debated in musicological literature. The phrase here is used merely to heighten the poetic atmosphere. Bella is shown also to have concentrated much of her practice time, which is described in detail on Johannes Brahms' Intermezzo No. 2. Much attention is given to Bella's care over orchestration notes. Bella also tells the sad story of Brahms' unrequited love for his friend's wife.
Jakob has earlier stated several times how he exists during World War II outside the experience of his people. He has several times shown how the Jews are forced to hide in ways that resemble benign activities, and here cites several more, almost in passing. Jakob's obsession with the Holocaust continues to grow, particularly because he does not know his sister Bella's precise fate. He fixates on the precise moment of death and what the victims do. Athos's teachings about geology provide a parallel, as the painfully slow processes whereby wood becomes stone, peat becomes coal, and limestone becomes marble eventually come to a culmination. He calls it a "gradual instant", like death.
Jakob draws parallels involving archeology and music. Jews are shown hiding in the famed caves of Lascaux in southern France, listening to Mozart. The caves contain Paleolithic paintings of animal hunts. Parallel with this, at Auschwitz, a prison orchestra accompanies the doomed to the gas chambers and ovens. The selection process at the primary death camp is described in more detail later. Jakob draws a parallel between the Oracles at Delphi speaking from a grotto - a hole in the ground - and the bodily voices calling out from the mass graves. He has already described how these holes in the ground are sanctified and sanctifying. Jakob mentions how the Nazis turn humans into objects to justify their treatment of the Jews, but does not develop the theme until later. Instead, he parallels this with physicists turning matter into energy in this same period. A brick's worth of uranium releasing its power in nuclear fission would destroy whole cities. He then masterfully notes that the Nazis thrown regular bricks during Kristallnacht, the staged demonstration that initiates the terror against the Jews. These concatenated passages are quite powerful.

Fugitive Pieces--Phosophorus

HMWK:  Read to pg. 149 for Monday, short quiz response on reading

Today, play "Steal a Line"--Steal a phrase or sentence from Fugitive Pieces to write a poem--responding to the phrase or sentence or using it in a wholly original way as part of your poem.

Also, please print and turn in your Natalie Goldberg exercises for class credit.

KEEP WORKING ON YOUR 25 WORD NEW VOCABULARY LOG FOR CLASSWORK CREDIT.  Your log should have the word, the page number you found it (hopefully), and a definition of the word (you can cut cand paste it from an online dictionary).  Can you use the word in a sentence correctly?

Finally, make sure you are working on your short story!  On Monday, I will be asking for Works in Progress (WIPs) to make sure you are working on your stories.  I'd also like to talk to each of you about your stories and share ideas and concerns.

About your reading:

6. "We were a vine and a fence. But who was the vine? We would both have answered differently" [108]. Here Jakob is speaking of his relationship with Athos; of what other relationships in the novel might this metaphor be used? Does Michaels imply that dependence is an integral part of love?

7. What is it about Alex's character that attracts Jakob and makes him fall in love with her? Why does he eventually find life with her impossible? Do you find Alex a sympathetic character, or an unpleasant one?

8. "History is amoral: events occurred. But memory is moral" [138]. "Every moment is two moments" [161]. How does Jakob define and differentiate history and memory? Can you see Fugitive Pieces as a comparison of history and memory?

Reread the ending of "The Way Station".  What is a "way station"?  What does the ending of this chapter mean to you?  Why must a person "make love necessary"?   POST A RESPONSE THAT ADDRESSES THESE READING QUESTIONS
 



Tuesday, September 18, 2012

Tues. 9/18 The Way Station

View more of Fugitive Pieces

Work on Short Story

Read Ch. 4  The Way Station

Ch. 4 The Way Station

Book I, The Way Station Summary
Toronto is an active, albeit derelict, port, full of nostalgic migrants. Athos and Jakob head north Union Station to the Heathside Gardens apartments, which seem luxurious after Zakynthos. Disoriented by everything, Jakob finds it hard to sleep and despairs. Athos sleeps little as he prepares lectures by night. Jakob attends English and Greek classes and does the shopping; Athos cooks for relaxation. Athos helps Jakob with the subtleties of English and wishes he could relieve him of his nightmares. How Nazis could have done what they did with straight faces is beyond Jakob. He tries to bury the images, but family and friends emerge from his mind at night. Later, he will study the details of the Holocaust. Athos teaches Jakob to cook Greek dishes. Jakob does not stray far when food shopping. One day he misunderstands a grocer's thick accent and never returns, despite Athos's explanation. Jakob ponders how it takes years to straighten out sounds and gain vocabulary.
Athos and Jakob gather fellow strays, none of whom work in their former professions, and from them Jakob learns many useful things. Athos and Jakob take little part in the Greek community but frequent Constantine's restaurants. Athos writes his book, sensing that he is running out of time, and Jakob studies the city rather than making friends. On Sunday walks through Toronto's ravines, Athos points out 150 million years of prehistory. In the first thunderstorm of spring, Jakob sees boys blowing on grass to produce loud squawks. Athos and Jakob make up characters and stories to help Jakob with his English. Jakob is proud of terrible puns and sees differences between Old and New World objects. He later finds that writing about his childhood in English protects him. Toronto's Greek and Jewish neighborhoods lie side-by-side, which comforts Jakob. Hearing the old tongue brings fear and love; he wonders how survivors of the camps feel, surrounded by so much food.
Jakob learns how glaciers transform Toronto's rivers and forests and reads about Canadian history. They both correspond with Kostas and Daphne, Jakob reporting on school and food, Athos writing about Greek politics. Athos often falls depressed while working on Bearing False Witness, a tribute to comrades lost at Biskupin, documenting the Nazi abuse of archeology. Biskupin and other historical events inflame Athos's temper and Jakob chokes on the smoke from his images. Jakob dreams about the Nazis invading his home and wonders what they think about Bella's magnificent hair as they cut it. Athos stops eating as he labors late nights.
On one of their last walks together, Athos and Jakob discuss religion. Jakob maintains that the Truth does not care what one thinks of it. Athos's father had not known if there is a God, because God constantly disappears. Beautiful Government House in Chorley Park, which Athos and Jacob often visit, disappears. Tiring, Athos waves off Jakob's concerns and refuses to slow. Jakob enrolls in the university, studying literature, history, and geography, and begins translating banned Greek poets. It is a task filled with mystery. Walking one summer evening, Jakob hears overhead melodies that his mother always sang while brushing Bella's hair and he joins in, a foreign song that surprises porch-sitters. Jakob's spirit-shape grows familiar.
Unable to sleep, Jakob imagines kissing a skinny girl from the library, but she wonders why he keeps to himself, collects articles about the war, and studies faces in photographs. Jakob and Athos both suffer from having spent the war in ignorance on Zakynthos. Only silence can store Jakob's life. Feeling Bella inch away, Jakob thinks that writing poetry slightly askew might restore order. He writes about Biskupin and Zakynthos but achieves only shrieking. Through Athos, Jakob makes one lasting friend at the university, Maurice Salman. The three go to movies and argue about which actress to adore, until Athos dies. He returns home from lecturing on conserving Egyptian wood, sits at his table, and is dead in the morning. Jakob knows the outlines and many details of Athos's life but wonders about whom and how he had loved. Athos's last breath obscures the the view of his life.
Weighted down by self-pity, Jakob sits in Athos's chaotic study, looking at mementos and reading with embarrassment a packet of letters from Athos to Helen while both were studying in Vienna. From the letters, he understands why Athos has continued searching for Bella. For Athos, hope and expectation are separate and love is always good. To Kostas and Daphne, Jakob promises to bring Athos' ashes home to where he will be remembered. Jakob dips at random into Athos's diverse interests in nature, particularly peat and salt, and appreciates how Athos views social forces in terms of geology.
Having planned to help Athos organize his files on Nazi archeology, Jakob spends three years searching for the "why." He feels Athos' presence in the flat as he works alone. Jakob also translates part-time and occasionally has dinner with Maurice and his bride Irene. They talk about the book, which Jakob dedicates to Athos's dead colleagues. Jakob performs the rite of pouring fresh water into the sea for the dead to drink and recalls how Eskimo hunters offer fresh water to the seals that they hunt. He realizes that to honor Athos and Bella he must resolve a perpetual thirst.
Book I, The Way Station Analysis
The fourth chapter depicts the brief time that Athos and Jakob spend together in Toronto. Much space is given to description of the city, as it is after World War II and as it had been in historical, pre-historical, and geologic time. The pair spend Sundays hiking, and the ravines of Toronto offer Athos many teaching opportunities. Jakob is disoriented by the busy, crowded city and particularly by the sensual nature of advertising. He recalls several incidents that become funny in hindsight but are frightening at the time to a boy whose English is weak. Athos shuns the large organized Greek community to spend time writing. Jakob offers some telling recollections about displaced fellow immigrants, including Greeks and Jews, whose neighborhoods lie next to one another. Hearing Yiddish and Hebrew brings mixed feelings because of Jakob's unresolved survivor's guilt. Jakob's earliest efforts to write autobiographical poetry are a failure.
Jakob talks about mastering English with Athos's help and gradually beginning to translate for a living. Jacob develops a taste for puns and malapropisms (twists on words) and reproduces a number of humorous examples. He discusses Hayim Nahman Bialik's views on the impossibility of adequately translating poetry and applies them especially to Greek, which he has already shown operates on two literary levels in the mid-twentieth century. Jakob continues to suffer nightmares about the Nazi evil, and in a rather lyrical passage, he considers how they could have done what they did with straight faces. He later comes to understand the psychology that allows them to function, but at this point he is puzzled, rather childishly expecting people's faces to reveal their true inner nature.
Jakob makes one lasting friend at the university, Maurice Salman, who soon marries. His wife becomes for Jakob a symbol of womanhood. He also falls for a skinny girl that he meets in the university library who finds him odd with his preference for collecting articles about the war over learning how to dance. Jakob's love life will come into focus later in the novel and be shown initially to falter.
Athos dies before he can finish Bearing False Witness, so Jakob completes it for him, working late nights and alone, as Athos had. Jakob recognizes in himself self-pity as he sifts through mementos, which he describes in abundance, helping to characterize his late mentor. He is embarrassed to read Athos's fifty-year-old letters to Helen and look at her lone photograph. Finishing the book takes three years, which telescope to a single sentence. The chapter ends with Jakob performing the rite of pouring fresh water into the sea for the dead to drink, which Athos had taught him in Zakynthos, and he couples this, in Athos's fashion, with Eskimo hunting rituals. Athos has taught him syncretism. The image shifts to Jakob realizing that to honor Athos - and Bella, whose memory has inched away a bit but continues to haunt him - he must resolve a perpetual thirst. 


syn·cre·tism

1. the attempted reconciliation or union of different or opposing principles, practices, or parties, as in philosophy or religion.
 
2.
Grammar . the merging, as by historical change in a language, of two or more categories in a specified environment into one, as, in nonstandard English, the use of was  with both singular and plural subjects, while in standard English was  is used with singular subjects (except for you  in the second person singular) and were  with plural subjects.

Friday, September 14, 2012

More Natalie Goldberg prompts

Hand and Wrist

Tell me about someone's hands.  Maybe forget about the hand altogether.  Can you tell me about his wrist?  Was it hers that tipped the scale and made you fall in love?  Wrist, what an odd and wonderful word, when you think about it.  Ten minutes. Go!

Jump

Tell me about a time you knew glory.  Jump in.  Write ten minutes.

Care

When did you pretend not to care?  Go.  Ten minutes.

Test IV

Three minutes on each of these topics.  Stay with details.

  • A memory of bread and butter

  • A memory of drinking out of a bottle

  • A hill you once knew

  • A recollection of mist

  • A moment in a library

Poetic Knowing/Essay on Fugitive Pieces

http://www.uwo.ca/english/canadianpoetry/cpjrn/vol41/anne_michaels.htm

Excerpt:
One of the most powerful fictional tellings of the stories of the Holocaust to have emerged from contemporary Canada is Fugitive Pieces (1996) by the Toronto-born poet Anne Michaels. A novel that, in the words of John Steffler, "constructs a delicate bridge between the present and the haunting past and leads [its] characters to solid ground and a permanent place in our memories," Fugitive Pieces is divided into two parts, the first narrated by Jakob Beer, a Holocaust survivor who emigrated to Canada and subsequently published several volumes of poetry based on his experiences, and the second by a young Jewish professor known only as Ben whose "own connection with the wounding legacies of the war kindle a fascination with Jakob and his writing" ("Advance Praise"). Both thematically and stylistically, Fugitive Pieces is an exercise in "poetic knowing," an epistemological mode that Michaels carefully distinguishes from mere knowledge in a meditation on love, poetry, and memory entitled "Cleopatra’s Love" in the March 1994 number of Poetry Canada Review:


The distinction between knowledge and "poetic knowing" resembles the distinction between history and memory. Knowledge/History is essentially amoral: events occurred. "Poetic Knowing"/Memory is inextricable linked with morality: history’s source is event, but memory’s source is meaning. Often what we consciously remember is what our conscience remembers.
     Memory, like love, gains strength through restatement, reaffirmation; in a culture, through ritual, tradition, stories, art. Memory courts our better selves; it helps us recognize the importance of deed; we learn from pleasure just as we learn from pain. And when memory evokes consideration of what might have been or been prevented, memory becomes redemptive. As Israeli poet Yehudi Amichai wrote: "to remember is a kind of hope."
                                                                                                                           (15)

Or as Jakob puts it in the novel:


History is amoral: events occurred. But memory is moral; what we consciously remember is what our conscience remembers. History is the Totenbuch, The Book of the Dead, kept by the administrators of the camps. Memory is the Memorbucher, the names of those to be mourned, read aloud in the synagogue.
                                                                                                                         (138)

Acutely aware though she doubtless is of the problems of historical imagination and literary representation,2 Michaels nevertheless attempts in Fugitive Pieces "to speak of events…that one has not witnessed, that one has not lived through personally but has absorbed through the culture, through the family, through the home" for, as she told Douglas Fetherling in an interview published shortly after the appearance of the novel, she felt "an obligation to establish some relationship" with "the largest and most devastating reality" of the twentieth century "in order to try to understand how one emerges" from such an event with a capacity for "faith" and the capability to "move towards a place of love in the world" ("Narrative Moves" 16, 18).
Class discussion of Fugitive Pieces and key passages.

Look over the chapter notes for "Vertical Time" and the Reader's Guide questions 1-5 below.  With a partner, discuss the questions and post a comment to them.

1. Why is the first section of the novel entitled "The Drowned City?" Why is the title repeated for a later section?

2. Jakob says that Athos's fascination with Antarctica "was to become our azimuth. It was to direct the course of our lives" [33]. Why do you think Antarctica obsessed Athos? How does the story of the Scott expedition relate to that of Athos and Jakob? Do you agree with Jakob that Athos's fascination directed their lives?

3. "When the prisoners were forced to dig up the mass graves, the dead entered them through their pores and were carried through their bloodstreams to their brains and hearts. And through their blood into another generation" [52], Jakob writes, and later, "It's no metaphor to feel the influence of the dead in the world" [53]. How does the theme of the dead's influence on the living work itself out in the course of the novel?

4. The communist partisans in Greece, who had valiantly resisted the occupying Nazis, themselves committed terrible atrocities after the war, as Kostas and Daphne relate. Do you agree with their theory that violence is like an illness that can be caught, and that the Greeks caught it from the Germans [72]? What other explanations can be offered?

5. "I already knew the power of language to destroy, to omit, to obliterate," says Jakob. "But poetry, the power of language to restore: this was what both Athos and Kostas were trying to teach me" [79]. What instances does the novel give of the destructive power of language? In what ways does writing--both the writing of poetry and of translations--help to heal and restore Jakob? Does silence--the cessation of language--have its own function, and if so, what might it be?



Continue to work on your short story and vocabulary notes page.

Wednesday, September 12, 2012

Fugitive Pieces Summaries and Analysis Ch. 1-3

Book I, The Drowned City Summary
A young boy, Jakob Beer, emerges from the bog at the Beskupin archeological site as though he were an artifact reborn. The site, twenty-five centuries old, has been perfectly preserved in peat. It is uncovered over several years by archaeologists, and then deliberately smashed and reburied by the Nazis. He hides in the bog as Nazis smash in the door, kill his parents, and make off with Jakob's beautiful, fifteen-year-old sister, who is too big to hide behind the wallpaper. From his hiding place in the river, Jakob sees the spirits of the dead ascending. He feels his mother inside him, saying goodbye. Jacob runs into the dark forest, where he seeks food by night and hides, terrified, by day, dreaming about Bella. One morning Jakob senses that Bella has died. One autumn day, Jakob approaches a digging man, Athos, who hides him under his coat and in his car and spirits him away from his parents' remains and his best friend Mones to Zakynthos Island, Greece. Bella remains inside Jakob.
Book I, The Drowned City Analysis
The first chapter establishes that the narrator of Book I as a seven year old sees his family exterminated, flees into the forest, and after living an undisclosed length of time in terror, emerges from the earth like Tollund Man or Grauballe Man. These are ancient naturally-mummified bodies unearthed in the 1950s in Denmark. Both appear to be victims of human sacrifice, a theme taken up in the next chapter in relation to the Holocaust. The narrator is Jakob Beer. His identifying with postwar archaeological discoveries suggests that the telling is a good deal after the fact, but he captures the anxiety of a child, lost alone in the dark for the first time. The exact time of Jakob's writing is late in Part I revealed to be the summer of 1992, shortly before his death at age sixty.
The first chapter also establishes that Jakob is for life obsessed with his sister Bella's fate. She is first depicted as a lover of novels, including Romain Rolland and Jack London. Jakob hangs from her shoulders as she reads, demanding that she share with him the mystery of the black marks on paper. She also traces letters on his back with a finger to help him learn to spell. These are major services for a future poet. Jakob refers to Bella as smallest Russian matryoshka doll nestled inside him, as he himself is nestled inside Athos, the Greek scholar who rescues him from what is clearly Nazi-occupied Poland, where Jakob's family falls victim to the Holocaust. Jakob mentions a best friend, Mones, whose character will be filled in gradually, from Jakob's memory.
The first chapter establishes the importance of language to Jakob. Entering Greece, he notices that its unknown alphabet and Hebrew are strangely complementary. This motif will be repeated, and Athos will often emphasize how the two cultures resonate. Jakob also picks up the belief that the souls of the dead do not remain inside the earth. No one is born only once.
Anne Michaels' prose reveals that she is a poet. Scarcely a paragraph can be found lacking a rich simile or metaphor or evocation of sights, sounds, and smells. The text is emotive: a young boy scared witless but somehow knowing how to survive, but told through the eyes of the same person who has grown into a scholar, knowing about the preservative nature of peat.


Book I, The Stone-Carriers Summary
With Athos, high on Zakynthos, in two rooms, Jakob misses the most important events in his life. Athos's stories evoke images of Jakob's faceless family and friends. He lives in constant fear of the kicked-in door, writes letters to the dead, and suffers nightmares. Athos is a geologist specializing in peat, limestone, and archaeological wood. The last of a seafaring family, he passes to Jakob his own nautical history to replace what he has lost, but insists that he retain his Hebrew. Jakob remembers Bella, who used to be obsessed with Beethoven, and he has nightmares about incomplete lives. He wonders if his remembering is painful to the dead. Athos's stories in English and Greek begin to make sense. Athos opens his rich and diverse library,expanding Jakob's horizons, interesting him in ancient cultures. Jakob feels Bella watching him.
Athos lives a two hour walk from town, atop a steep hill. When he goes there, Jakob stays indoors, beside an old sea chest in which he hides at the first sign of danger. Jakob learns from Athos how stones hold human time, and Athos fills him with stories about Antarctica. Always hungry, Athos and Jakob commiserate with the starving explorers, who hallucinate about food before starving to death.
On Zakynthos, the Nazis loot the fruit groves and Jakob suffers from scurvy. Athos forages for food and uses ancient sources to learn how to cook them. The Italian troops that first occupy Zakynthos do not persecute the Jews, but when the Germans take over in 1944, the Jews bury their valuables and disappear into the hills. Jakob sleeps, listening, prepared to hide in his sea chest. Their friend and benefactor Old Martin's son Ioannis tells of losing his family on Corfu when the Gestapo sinks a boat full of Jews. The sinking reminds Jakob of the sea, where he dreams his family also drowns. Athos draws images from nature to fight despair. He insists that he cannot save Jakob; Jakob must save him.
Jakob's situation is luxurious compared to that of Jews across Europe, about which he then knows nothing. When the Nazis leave Zakynthos, Jakob emerges to sunlight and slowly regains strength, wondering whose life he has entered. Athos talks of an invisible world, citing the serene-looking sacrificial bog bodies. Biskupin had enjoyed a glorious culture before being inundated and abandoned two thousand years ago. When archaeological work begins in 1937, Athos takes part. After he leaves, the Nazis destroy the work and kill his colleagues.
After musing about the effects of rivers, winds, and currents, Athos remarks that railroads, cutting across land, eventually serve the Holocaust. Prisoners forced to dig up mass graves handle the gore of lost lives and are sanctified. The dead influence the world just as magnetic lines of force form in minerals. Jakob wonders how long the spirit recalls the body and where in the galaxy the victims screams are, as they move toward the Psalms.

Book I, The Stone-Carriers Analysis
The second chapter takes its title from a reference to forced labor in the Golleschau stone quarries, a part of the Auschwitz-Birkenau system of work camps. The men haul huge blocks of granite back and forth, mindlessly. One looks to the stars and remembers beauty when all other hope is lost. This combines with a Zohar, a book of Jewish mysticism, to define how Jakob views the Holocaust. The Zohar says: "All visible things will be born again invisible" (p. 48).
Jakob emphasizes that he does not see the horrors that visit European Jewry during World War II. He endures hardships on Zakynthos and lives in constant fear of the door being bashed in, as had happened in his home in Poland, but most of the time he benefits from Athos's breadth and depth of knowledge of the natural sciences. The chapter ranges over this learning in great and colorful detail. Jakob happily learns English and Greek because they free him of painful memories connected with Hebrew and Yiddish. Athos encourages Jakob to retain his heritage and enriches it with his own background as the son of generations of seafaring Greeks and a Western-educated scholar.
The chapter describes how all of Zakynthos's Jews are saved from the Nazis through the courage of the Christian mayor and archbishop. By comparison, most of the Jews on nearby Corfu perish by drowning or in concentration camps. A relative on Zakynthos gives a harrowing, if somewhat confusing, description. Late in the chapter, Jakob paints in wrenching, fast-paced sentences and paragraphs what he later learns about the horror of the Holocaust, mixing specific instances of brutality with generalized depictions of inhuman conditions. He ties in the invention of the railroad, which ought to have been a boon to humankind, but makes possible the systematic slaughter.
Jakob is haunted by not knowing the fate of his beloved sister, Bella, who had been obsessed with the composer Ludwig van Beethoven's personal habits and would clown about in disguise, but when she turns to playing piano turns serious and precise. This establishes a musical motif that runs through both parts of the novel. Jakob wonders about how the dead feel about being are reborn invisible. At one point, Jakob tells Athos about underground synagogues in Poland, a detail that seems unlikely to be in the mind of a seven-year-old, but in describing how the Jews of Zakynthos prepare for likely martyrdom, the elders fill the minds of the young with minute details in order that any survivors might revive Jewish life and customs. Relatively safe, Jakob is filled with the lore of science and becomes interested in ancient cultures.
Rather like the aside on Bella and Beethoven, Athos tells Jakob about Capt. Robert Scott's doomed expedition to the South Pole in 1912. Jakob is particularly drawn to Dr. Edward Wilson's talent for painting scientifically-accurate watercolors of the Antarctic skies. Jakob notes that Wilson is also a poet and Canadian. This points to Jakob's career path in emigration. Jakob notes that his nightmares also follow him to Toronto. This becomes significant in later chapters. He always feels that Bella is watching him.
The chapter ends with Athos talking about "remote causes" and an invisible world like that of the serene-looking bodies that he has excavated from bogs. They show signs of being human sacrifices. Athos tells about ancient Biskupin culture and his work to preserve the ruins. After the war, he learns that the Nazis had destroyed the excavations and killed Athos's colleagues shortly after he spirited Jakob to safety. It is the basis for Athos's belief that Jakob is responsible for saving him, more so than vice versa. Jakob meditates on how prisoners are forced to dig up the mass graves of early victims of Nazism as the perpetrators seek to cover up evidence. He pictures workers forced, like the stone carriers of Golleschau, to do the unthinkable: handle the gory remains of the dead. It becomes a sacred vocation, taking on the lost lives that pass through their fingers. Jakob sees the dead influencing the world of the living by analogy to magnetic lines of force form in minerals. The scientific description of magnetism actually helps make sense of the mysticism. Jakob asks pointedly how long before murder and death cease to be different categories. The entire chapter is both harrowing and humane.

Book I, Vertical Time Summary
Athos takes Jakob, now thirteen, to Athens to search for information about Bella and Aunt Ida's fate. Greece is in ruins from the war and communists and British are fighting. They stay with Athos' old colleague Kostas Mitsialis and his wife Daphne, the adults talking politics and Kostas describing the various occupations. Jakob pictures events from his childhood similar to some of the Greek anecdotes about British and Australian soldiers singing, Germans marching, stealing, and taunting, and Greeks blackmarketting or collapsing from hunger. Kostas tells Jakob about the beloved poet Palamas and Sikelianos, who preaches freedom at Palamas' funeral. Athenians are on the roof, greeting one another the night before the Germans withdraw. They hear news of one thousand vanished villages. There are too many dead to bury. The Americans bring food, which the communists steal as they hunt down and kill anyone well-off, even relatives and recent allies. The Greeks seem to catch the virus of violence from the Germans. Jakob learns to live a normal life from Kostas and Daphne as Athos prepares for their move to Canada. Daphne's goodbye squeeze reminds him of his mother and Bella.
Before leaving Zakynthos, Athos performs a ceremony of remembering at the shore, and they eat a memorial meal together. He reminds Jakob that one's good deeds morally advance the dead and advises him to be buried in ground that will remember him. Jakob sees plenty of birds, which Athos says is the sign of prayers comforting the dead. For years after the war, Jakob can do nothing hurriedly. During the last week in Greece, Kostas takes Jakob on a tour of Athens and tells him - without details - that Athos had been married. Helen had died in World War I. Kostas says that Athos has left Greece many times for various purposes but now finds it too changed to remain. As Athos is prone to depression, he will need Jakob's help at times; he is, however, as everlasting as his beloved limestone. Pointing out graffiti that still points to Greek courage during the occupation, and describing the culture wars as vernacular poetry replaces the formal. Jakob grasps the power of poetry.
Athos has had an invitation to teach at the University of Toronto since 1938, when Griffith Taylor discovers they have much in common. Two more members of Scott's Antarctic expedition, Frank Debenham and Silas Wright, help persuade Athos to go to Toronto but are gone before he and Jakob arrive. Athos crates his books and has Kostas send some to Canada and some to the family home on Idhra Island, to be safe from earthquakes on Zakynthos. In 1953, an earthquake does, indeed, destroy Athos's home there along with most structures; the animals' strange behavior forewarns islanders, so casualties are few. Luck requires heeding warnings, says Athos, who hopes to grow to love his new landscape as he does Zakynthos. Without this, one is an exile. The Mitsialises see them off, exchanging gifts and well wishes. Kostas gives Jakob an anthology of Greek poetry that plants seeds for a lifetime. Kostas remembers his sister and friend Mones.
Book I, Vertical Time Analysis
The third chapter is transitional, as Athos and Jakob prepare to leave Greece for Canada. It opens with them walking across the war-scarred Peloponnese (southern Greece), where the Nazis are said to have destroyed some one thousand villages, leaving too many bodies to bury. They pass Kalavrita, another instance of mass retribution against civilians. On the heels of World War II comes civil war to Greece, with former allies quickly falling out ideologically and murdering one another. The description is poetic and so lightly sketched that one can only take away that it is tragic.
Kostas and Daphne Mitsialis are introduced, largely in order for the adults to talk current politics and to describe life in Athens before and after the Germans drive out the British and Australian. The latter are clearly viewed by the locals as occupiers, but of a far more benign type. A Greek black-marketeer who substitutes a dead dog for a lamb is particularly striking. Americans bringing emergency food and the communists stealing it, and stringing up former friends in arms also provides striking imagery. Kostas wants young Jakob to understand the workings of the world while Daphne dotes on him, helping him come out of his shell. She reminds him of his mother and Bella. Kostas tells Jakob confidentially that Athos is prone to depression and will need Jakob's help at times. The menfolk discuss political acronyms and labels too obscure for most readers to comprehend. The point is that tragedy follows tragedy and Athos and Jakob are again to escape it. Note how Jakob picks up bits of details that remind him of life at home before war tears it apart.
Athos performs secularized, personalized rituals of leaving Zakynthos that are modified from the memorial services of the Orthodox church. The theme of not forgetting the past, the departed, is reinforced. Victims of the sea are offered fresh water to refresh them. There is a rather confusing aside on the use of popular, modern Greek rather than the formal literary language that most readers will want to gloss over. It picks up the theme of bravery and brings Jakob to realize the power of poetry, which becomes his professional field.
Chapter three explains how Athos comes to emigrate to Canada and teach at the University of Toronto. The key names are tied to Scott's Antarctic expedition, which Athos has already described at length to young Jakob. It also introduces the island of Idhra, to which the novel returns in Book II. The rich description of how animal behavior alerts humans to the coming of a catastrophic earthquake allows Athos to talk about the need to heed warnings. He flees Poland only because Jakob flees his house, for instance. There is a foreboding of life in exile, close to what is described in the Psalms.

Monday, September 10, 2012

Reading guide-- Fugitive Pieces


For Friday, read to page 101

Fugitive Pieces Reading Guide
Reading Group Guide
Fugitive Pieces
by Anne Michaels

About This Book


The questions, discussion topics, and reading list that follow are intended to enhance your group's reading of Anne Michaels's Fugitive Pieces. We hope they will aid your understanding of the many rich themes that make up this radiant and lyrical first novel by one of Canada's foremost poets.

In Poland during World War II, seven-year-old Jakob Beer's parents are murdered by Nazi soldiers and his adored elder sister, Bella, is abducted. The mourning child flees and is miraculously rescued by Athos Roussos, a Greek geologist. Athos smuggles Jakob to his native island of Zakynthos, where he successfully hides him from the Nazi authorities and introduces him to a new world of geology, poetry, botany, and art. After the war the two move to Toronto, and Jakob embarks on marriage and a career as a poet. Through the experience of profound love, Jakob eventually transcends the tragedies of his youth; but his spirit remains forever linked with that of his lost sister. As Jakob gets older, his life and work provide inspiration and, eventually, spiritual regeneration, for Ben, a younger man whose own family has been blighted by the Holocaust.

Fugitive Pieces is an incandescent novel, heartbreaking and finally joyful. Its vivid images, its poetry and its wisdom will prove unforgettable.

1. Why is the first section of the novel entitled "The Drowned City?" Why is the title repeated for a later section?

2. Jakob says that Athos's fascination with Antarctica "was to become our azimuth. It was to direct the course of our lives" [33]. Why do you think Antarctica obsessed Athos? How does the story of the Scott expedition relate to that of Athos and Jakob? Do you agree with Jakob that Athos's fascination directed their lives?

3. "When the prisoners were forced to dig up the mass graves, the dead entered them through their pores and were carried through their bloodstreams to their brains and hearts. And through their blood into another generation" [52], Jakob writes, and later, "It's no metaphor to feel the influence of the dead in the world" [53]. How does the theme of the dead's influence on the living work itself out in the course of the novel?

4. The communist partisans in Greece, who had valiantly resisted the occupying Nazis, themselves committed terrible atrocities after the war, as Kostas and Daphne relate. Do you agree with their theory that violence is like an illness that can be caught, and that the Greeks caught it from the Germans [72]? What other explanations can be offered?

5. "I already knew the power of language to destroy, to omit, to obliterate," says Jakob. "But poetry, the power of language to restore: this was what both Athos and Kostas were trying to teach me" [79]. What instances does the novel give of the destructive power of language? In what ways does writing--both the writing of poetry and of translations--help to heal and restore Jakob? Does silence--the cessation of language--have its own function, and if so, what might it be?

6. "We were a vine and a fence. But who was the vine? We would both have answered differently" [108]. Here Jakob is speaking of his relationship with Athos; of what other relationships in the novel might this metaphor be used? Does Michaels imply that dependence is an integral part of love?

7. What is it about Alex's character that attracts Jakob and makes him fall in love with her? Why does he eventually find life with her impossible? Do you find Alex a sympathetic character, or an unpleasant one?

8. "History is amoral: events occurred. But memory is moral" [138]. "Every moment is two moments" [161]. How does Jakob define and differentiate history and memory? Can you see Fugitive Pieces as a comparison of history and memory?

9. Music is an important element of Fugitive Pieces, and it is central to the lives of at least three of the characters, Bella, Alex, and Naomi. What does music mean to each of these characters? Why has Michaels given music such a prominent metaphoric role in the novel?

10. What does Fugitive Pieces say about the condition of being an immigrant? Jakob never feels truly at home anywhere, even in Greece. Ben's parents feel that their toehold in their new home is infinitely precarious, an emotion that communicates itself to Ben. Does Michaels imply that real integration is impossible?

11. Can you explain the very different reactions Ben's parents have had to their experience in the Holocaust? What in their characters has determined the differing ways they respond to grief and loss?

12. The relationship between Ben and Naomi is a troubled one. Why is he angry at her for her closeness to his parents and her attention to their graves? Why does he reject her by leaving for Greece without her? How can you explain his intense desire for Petra--is his need purely physical? How do Petra and Naomi differ? What is the significance of their names?

13. Science has as important a role in the novel as poetry and music. Why is geology so important to Athos, meteorology to Ben? Does science represent a standard of disinterested truth, or does it merely symbolize the world's terrifying contingency?

14. Why might Jakob have named his collection of poems Groundwork, and in what way does that title relate to his life? Jakob calls his young self a "bog-boy" [5]. Why does Ben take such an interest in the preserved bog people he reads about [221]?

15. The last line of the novel is Ben's: "I see that I must give what I most need." What does he mean by this? What does he most need, what will he give, and to whom?

16. What is the significance of the novel's title? What do "pieces," or "fragments," mean within Michaels's scheme? Where in the novel can you find references to fragments?

Fugitive Pieces Assignment

  Fugitive Pieces

1. Read opening pages of Fugitive Pieces aloud to pg. 14.  What images are strongest in your mind.
Write them down.

2. View opening of film and compare and contrast

3. Work on Test 2 Natalie Goldberg

HMWK: Read to page 54 End of "The Stone Carriers"
for Wednesday

4. Fugitive Pieces Writing Assignment
A major writing assignment for this Marking Period is a short story utilizing some of the techniques you are exploring while reading Anne Michael's Fugitive Pieces.

Let's call this assignment "The Story in Fragments":
After reading and discussing Fugitive Pieces, write a short story that uses some of the postmodern techniques and poetic prose that Anne Michael uses in the novel.
1. Your short story should be at least 5 pages long, double spaced, 12 point standard font.


2. Traditionally, it should have a central character (protagonist) dealing with some sort of conflict (self vs. self, self vs. other, self vs. society, self vs. nature, etc.).


3. Nontraditionally, the story should exhibit some of the storytelling devices we have been exploring: stream-of-consciousness, memory, poetic prose, flashback, flash forwards, nonlinear structure, excerpts from history, descriptive verbal photographs of people and places, songs, poems, etc.


4. Along the way, be prepared to share drafts and discuss your story with members of the class.


Due date: Week of Oct. 6 (for peer review)

Thursday, September 6, 2012


Welcome to Contemporary Writers 2012-2013

1. Go over course criteria sheet and overview of course

2. Introduction to Anne Michaels--go to website, read poems.


3. Look at opening of novel, watch trailer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zPWSSQZHYtU

4. Writing Exercise: The Role of Memory
from Natalie Goldberg's Old Friend from Far Away Test #1
I Remember/I Don't Remember exercise